Wednesday 28 February 2018

Conclusion


In the writing of this series, I came to discover that the Adinkra symbols represent one of the oldest forms of technology. They serve to transmit ideas by merely looking at them because they all mean something.

In Ghana, Adinkra symbols are a part of everyday life. They are found in homes, churches and on clothing. That was what led to my seeing them and eventually this series.

I found beauty, minimalism and symmetry at the heart of the Adinkra symbols. In the reading of this series, I hope that you too see it for yourself.

In the writing of this series, I also realized that the Adinkra symbols depended on each other. Once you could draw certain symbols, you could extend that commonality to others.

In this series I covered how to draw 23 out of the 63 Adinkra symbols that are found in this list using the Python programming language. They are 63 symbols in all but the Sankofa symbol has an alternate version. You can see both of them here:


In my opinion, I prefer the bird as I am drawn to it. The meaning of Sankofa is to learn from the past.

Look through the list and pick out a symbol that appeals to you. I take the Aya as my personal symbol because it tells my own story and in some ways the story of this series.

The Aya is the symbol of endurance and resourcefulness. An individual who wears this symbol suggests that he has endured many adversities and outlasted much difficulty.

The Aya symbol is shown below:


This series represents 9 months of hard work. I have passed through a lot so I am grateful that it is finally concluded.

In due course, I will release a book. But for the moment, please take time out and read through the series.

Thank you for reading.

Tuesday 27 February 2018

Wuforo Dua Pa A


Wuforo Dua Pa A means “when you climb a good tree”. It is the symbol of support, cooperation and encouragement.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


The plan to draw this shape is given below:

  1. Lift up the pen
  2. Set the pen size to 40
  3. Move the pen to the location (40, 0)
  4. Place the pen down
  5. Move forward by 70 pixels
  6. Lift up the pen
  7. Move the pen to the location (-40, 0)
  8. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  9. Place the pen down
  10. Move forward by 70 pixels
  11. Lift up the pen
  12. Move the pen to the position (-170, 50)
  13. Set the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  14. Place the pen down
  15. Move forward by 120 pixels
  16. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  17. Move forward by 120 pixels
  18. Lift up the pen
  19. Move the pen to the position (-170, 50)
  20. Set the heading of the pen to 270 degrees
  21. Place the pen down
  22. Move forward by 120 pixels
  23. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  24. Move forward by 120 pixels
  25. Lift up the pen
  26. Move the pen to the position (170, 50)
  27. Set the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  28. Place the pen down
  29. Move forward by 120 pixels
  30. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  31. Move forward by 120 pixels
  32. Lift up the pen
  33. Move the pen to the position (170, -50)
  34. Set the heading of the pen to 270 degrees
  35. Place the pen down
  36. Move forward by 120 pixels
  37. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  38. Move forward by 120 pixels

Using Turtle Graphics

We will use the template.py file and rename it to wuforo.py.

The code of the first five steps is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(40)
turtle.setposition(40, 0)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward()

The generated image is shown below:


The code for steps 6 to 10 is simply to repeat the initial steps. This is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-40, 0)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(70)

The generated image is shown below:


Drawing the rest of the symbol will involve lifting up the pen and moving around the shape. We will start with the upper left quadrant, move to the lower left quadrant and follow the same pattern in the right quadrant.

The code for steps 11 to 16 is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-170, 50)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.forward(120)

The generated image is shown below:


The code for steps 18 to 24 is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-170, -50)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.forward(120)

The generated image is shown below:


Steps 25 to 31 will draw the parts of the symbol at the upper right hand corner. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(170, 50)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(120)

The generated image is shown below:


To complete this symbol, the code for the lower left part is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(170, -50)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(120)

The generated image is shown below:


Conclusion

This shape wasn't much of a stretch to draw. It was based on repeating the patterns for drawing.



Monday 26 February 2018

Owuo Atwedee


Owuo Atwedee means “the ladder of death”. It is the symbol of mortality a reminder of the transitory nature of existence in this world and of the imperative to live a good life to be a worthy soul in the afterlife.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


The plan to draw this shape is given below:
  1. Lift up the pen
  2. Set the pen size to 50 pixels
  3. Change the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  4. Move the pen to the position (-85, -165)
  5. Place the pen down
  6. Move forward by 330 pixels
  7. Lift up the pen
  8. Move the pen to the position (85, -165)
  9. Repeat steps 5 to 8
  10. Lift up the pen
  11. Draw the first rung of the ladder at (-85, -135)
  12. Draw the second rung of the ladder at (-85, -135)
  13. Draw the third rung of the ladder at (-85, -135)
  14. Draw the fourth rung of the ladder at (-85, -135)
Using Turtle Graphics


We will use the template.py file and rename it to owuo.py.

The code for the first six steps is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(50)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.setposition(-85, -165)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(330)

The generated image is shown below:


For steps 7 to 9, we simply need to lift up the pen, move it to the position of the next vertical lines and draw. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(50)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.setposition(85, -165)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(330)


Draw the rungs means finding the distance from (-85, -135) to (85, 135). There is no need to use the coordinateDistance function as the distance between the two points is 170 pixels.

Since steps 11 to 14 are essentially the same with only the points changing, it makes a great candidate for a function. We shall create a function called drawRung which will draw the rungs of the symbol. The code for this function is given below:

def drawRung(x1, y1, distance):
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.setposition(x1, y1)
    turtle.setheading(0)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.forward(distance)
All we have to do now is to call the function in our code 4 times as shown below:

drawRung(-85, -135, 170)
drawRung(-85, -45, 170)
drawRung(-85, 45, 170)
drawRung(-85, 135, 170)

The image generated is shown below:


Conclusion

This symbol was one of the easiest symbols to draw. At last we are gradually approaching the end of this series.

Friday 23 February 2018

Owo Foro Adobe


Owo Foro Adobe means "snake climbing the raffia tree". It is the symbol of steadfastness, prudence and diligence. Because of its thorns, the raffia tree is a very dangerous challenge to the snake. His ability to climb it is a model of persistence and prudence.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


This symbol is easy to draw. It is just lines. The plan to draw the shape below is shown below:

  1. Lift up the pen
  2. Move the pen to the position (-170, -90)
  3. Set the pen size to 20 pixels
  4. Set the angle of the pen to 45 degrees
  5. Draw a line to the point (90, 170)
  6. Lift up the pen
  7. Move the pen to the position (-90, -170)
  8. Draw a line of the same length and heading as the first line you drew
  9. Lift up the pen
  10. Set the pen size to 5 pixels
  11. Draw the first zig zag line starting at (-170, -90)
  12. Draw the second zig zag line starting at (-160, -80)
  13. Draw the third zig zag line starting at (-150, -70)

Using Turtle Graphics

We will use the template.py file and rename it to owoforoadobe.py.

The code for the first four steps  is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-170, -90)
turtle.pensize(20)
turtle.setheading(45)

The coordinateDistance function is used to find the distance between (-170, -90) and (90, 170). The code to do this is shown below:

inclineLength = coordinateDistance(-170, -90, 90, 170)

Now we place the pen down and move forward by the inclineLength. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(inclineLength)

The generated image is shown below:


Now we are on step 6. The first step is to lift up the pen. Then we lift up the pen to the position (-90, -170). Next we set the heading of the pen and draw a line of the same length as the first line. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-90, -170)
turtle.setheading(45)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(inclineLength)

The generated image is shown below:


Now we lift up the pen and move it back to the point (-170, -90). Next we need to set the pen size to 2 pixels and it heading to 0 degrees. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-170, -90)
turtle.pensize(5)
turtle.setheading(0)

Steps 13 to 15 repeat and would make a good candidate for a function. The use of this function will be to draw a zig zag line. This makes a good candidate for a function.

However, before we can create a function, we need to get the distance between two points on the line. Thankfully, with an angle of 45 degrees, all the length are equal so we only need to do this once.

The coordinateDistance function will be used to find the distance between (-170, -90) and (-10, -90). The code to do this is shown below:

rungLength = coordinateDistance(-170, -90, -10, -90)

The code for the zigZag function is given below:

def zigZag(x1, y1, distance):
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.setposition(x1, y1)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.setheading(0)
    turtle.forward(distance)
    turtle.setheading(90)
    turtle.forward(distance)
    turtle.setheading(0)
    turtle.forward(distance)
To call the function, all we need to do is to pass in the point we want it to get to and the distance we want it to move for. The code to do this is shown below:

zigZag(-170, -90, rungLength)
zigZag(-160, -80, rungLength)
zigZag(-150, -70, rungLength)

The generated image is shown below:


Conclusion

This symbol is one of the easier symbols to draw as it is made up of just lines.

Monday 19 February 2018

Nyansapo


Nyansapo means "wisdom knot". It is the symbol of wisdom, ingenuity, intelligence and patience.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


This symbol is easy to draw. The plan to draw this shape is shown below:

  1. Lift up the pen
  2. Move the turtle to the position (0, -35)
  3. Set the pen size to 10 pixels
  4. Draw a circle of radius 80 pixels
  5. Lift up the pen
  6. Move the turtle to the position (0, -125)
  7. Place the pen down
  8. Draw a circle of radius 80 pixels
  9. Lift up the pen
  10. Move the turtle to the position (-25, -185)
  11. Set the heading to 90 degrees
  12. Place the pen down
  13. Move forward by 150 pixels
  14. Repeat steps 9 to 13 but change the position of step 10 to (25, -185)
  15. Lift up the pen
  16. Move the turtle to the position (-25, 185)
  17. Set the heading to 270 degrees
  18. Place the pen down
  19. Move forward by 150
  20. Repeat steps 15 to 19 but change the position of step 16 to (25, 185)
  21. Lift up the pen
  22. Move the turtle back to its home position
  23. Change its colour to white
  24. Set its heading to 270 degrees
  25. Change its pen size to 40
  26. Place the pen down
  27. Move backward by 40 pixels
  28. Move forward by 80 pixels

Using Turtle Graphics

We will use the template.py file and rename it to nyansapo.py.

The code for the first four steps is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(0, -35)
turtle.pensize(10)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(80)

The generated image is shown below:


The code for steps 5 to 8 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(0, -125)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(80)

The generated image is given below:


The code for steps, 9 to 13 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-25, -185)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(150)

The code for step 14 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(25, -185)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(150)

The generated image is shown below:


The code for steps 15 to 19 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(25, 185)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(150)

The code for step 20 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-25, 185)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(150)

The generated image is shown below:


The code for steps 21 to 28 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.home()
turtle.color(“white”, “white”)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.pensize(40)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.backward(40)
turtle.forward(80)

The generated image is shown below:


Conclusion

We have succeeded in drawing the symbol Nyansapo. It wasn't so difficult to draw.

Friday 16 February 2018

Nyame Nnwu Na Me Wu



Nyame Nnwu Na Me Wu means "God never dies, therefore I cannot die". It is the symbol of God's omnipresence and the perpetual existence of man's spirit. This signifies the immortality of man's soul, believed to be a part of God. Because the soul rests with God after death, it cannot die.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


This function is a composite made up of circles and line. We need to know where the circles are in order to draw this shape.

The plan to draw this symbol is given below:

  1. Lift up the pen
  2. Change the pen size to 10 pixels
  3. Draw the upper left circle
  4. Draw the lower left circle
  5. Draw the upper right circle
  6. Draw the lower right circle
  7. Change the pen size to 30 pixels
  8. Draw a line from the upper left circle to the lower right circle
  9. Draw a line from the upper right circle to the lower left circle
  10. Change the pen size to 10 pixels
  11. Change its colour to white
  12. Draw a line from the upper left circle to the lower right circle
  13. Draw a line from the upper right circle to the lower left circle


Using Turtle Graphics

We will use the template.py file and rename it to nyame.py.

The code for the first two steps is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(10)

To draw the upper left circle, we have to know its position. The position of the upper left circle is at (-125, 70). The circle has a radius of 50 pixels.

The code to draw the circle is as follow:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-125, 75)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(50)

The position of the lower left circle is at (-125, -180). The code to draw it is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-125, -175)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(50)

The position of the upper right circle is at (125, 70). The code to draw it is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(125, 75)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(50)

The position of the lower right circle is at (125, -180). The code to draw it is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(125, -175)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(50)

The generated image is shown below:


At step 7 we lift up the pen and increase the pen size to 30 pixels. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(30)

The coordinate of the point for the joining line between the upper left circle and the lower right circle is (-90, 90) and (90, -90).

We will use the coordinateDistance function to find the distance between the two points since we already know the the orientation between them is a factor of 45 degrees. The code to do this is written below:

pointDistance = coordinateDistance(-90, 90, 90, -90)

Now that we know the distance between the 2 points, we move the pen back to the upper left circle and set its heading to -45 degrees. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.setposition(-90, 90)
turtle.setheading(-45)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(pointDistance)

The generated image is shown below:


We lift up the pen and move it to the upper left quadrant. We set the orientation of the turtle to 225 degrees and we draw the line. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(90, 90)
turtle.setheading(225)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(pointDistance)

The generated image is shown below:


Now we are at step 10. The code to change the pen size to 10 pixels is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(10)

To change the colour of the pen to white, the code to do this is shown below:

turtle.color(“white”, “white”)

Now the pen will be moved back to the position we drew from in both cases. Then we will place the pen down, move backward by 10 pixels and move forward by 10 pixels. This will help to clean out the blot lines. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.setposition(-90, 90)
turtle.setheading(-45)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.backward(10)
turtle.forward(pointDistance + 20)

We repeat this steps again but this time we move the turtle to the upper right circle. The code for this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(90, 90)
turtle.setheading(225)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.backward(10)
turtle.forward(pointDistance + 20)

The generated image is shown below:


Conclusion

We have finished drawing the basic shape. A technique to make it perfect would be to initially draw the circles as filled shapes.

This symbol is truly deep.

Wednesday 14 February 2018

Ntesie Mate Masie


Ntesie Mate Masie means "What I hear, I keep". It is the symbol of symbol of wisdom, knowledge and prudence.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


This symbol is simple to draw. We only need to know the position of the circles. We will use a function to prevent duplication.

The plan to draw this symbol is given below:
  1. Lift up the pen
  2. Move the position of the turtle to the position of the upper left quadrant
  3. Place the pen down
  4. Set the pen size to 20 pixels
  5. Draw the outer circle
  6. Set the pen size to 1 pixel
  7. Draw the inner circle
  8. Move the position of the turtle to the position of the lower left quadrant
  9. Repeat steps 3 to 7
  10. Move the position of the turtle to the position of the upper right quadrant
  11. Repeat steps 3 to 7
  12. Move the position of the turtle to the lower right quadrant
  13. Repeat steps 3 to 7
Using Turtle Graphics

We will use the template.py file and rename it to ntesie.py.

The code for the first step is given below:

turtle.penup()

The position for the circle on the upper right quadrant is at (-90, 10). The code to move the turtle to this position is given below:

turtle.setposition(-90, 10)

The function to draw a portion of the symbol is given below:

def drawQuarterSymbol():
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.pensize(20)
    turtle.circle(80)
turtle.setposition(turtle.xcor(), turtle.ycor() + 10)
    turtle.pensize(1)
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(40)
    turtle.end_fill()

The above function covers steps 3 to 7. We need to call the function. The code to call a function is given below:

drawQuarterSymbol()

The generated image is shown below:


From this point on, the rest is easy. All we need to do is to move the turtle to the point were we want to draw the quarter of the symbol.

The code for steps 8 and 9 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(-90, -170)
drawQuarterSymbol()

The generated image is shown below:


To draw the quarter of the symbol, the turtle must be moved to the point that is (90, 10). The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(90, 10)
drawQuarterSymbol()

The generated image is shown below:


To draw the lower right symbol, we simply move the turtle to the position (90, -170) and draw the quarter of the symbol. The code to do this is shown below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(90, -170)
drawQuarterSymbol()

The generated image is shown below:


Conclusion

At the end, we have succeeded in drawing the Ntesie Mate Masie. Rather run the code 4 times, we could also have used a loop to draw the symbol.

Good programmers learn to watch out for this kind of things in their everyday work. However, this is a first draft so I will focus on drawing the symbols.

Monday 12 February 2018

Nssa

Nssa means "a type of hand woven fabric". It is the symbol of symbol of excellence, genuineness, authenticity.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


This symbol is simple to draw. It consists of lines.

The plan to draw this symbol is given below:

  1. Lift up the pen
  2. Set the pen size to 20 pixels
  3. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  4. Move the pen back by 70 pixels
  5. Place the pen down
  6. Move forward by 140 pixels
  7. Move the pen back to the home position
  8. Set the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  9. Move the pen back by 60 pixels
  10. Move forward by 120 pixels
  11. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  12. Move forward by 60 pixels
  13. Set the heading to 90 degrees
  14. Move forward by 90 pixels
  15. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  16. Move forward by 120 pixels
  17. Set the heading of the pen to 270 degrees
  18. Move forward by 120 pixels
  19. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  20. Move forward by 100 pixels
  21. Set the heading of the pen to 270 degrees
  22. Move forward by 60 pixels
  23. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  24. Move forward by 100 pixels
  25. Set the heading of the pen to 270 degrees
  26. Move forward by 120 pixels
  27. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  28. Move forward by 120 pixels
  29. Set the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  30. Move forward by 90 pixels
  31. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  32. Move forward by 120 pixels
  33. Set the heading of the pen to 270 degrees
  34. Move forward by 90 pixels
  35. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  36. Move forward by 120 pixels
  37. Set the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  38. Move forward by 120 pixels
  39. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  40. Move forward by 100 pixels
  41. Set the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  42. Move forward by 60 pixels
  43. Set the heading of the pen to 0 degrees
  44. Move forward by 100 pixels
  45. Set the heading of the pen to 90 degrees
  46. Move forward by 120 pixels
  47. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  48. Move forward by 120 pixels
  49. Set the heading of the pen to 270 degrees
  50. Move forward by 90 pixels
  51. Set the heading of the pen to 180 degrees
  52. Move forward by 60 pixels
Using Turtle Graphics

We will use the template.py file and rename it to nssa.py.

The code for steps 1 to 10 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(20)
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.backward(70)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(140)
turtle.home()
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.backward(60)
turtle.forward(120)

The image generated is given below:



The code for steps 11 to 22 draws the outline of the shape for the upper left quadrant and extends to the lower left quadrant. The code for the steps is:

turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(60)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.forward(90)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.forward(60)

The generated image is shown below:


The remaining steps are just a repetition of the steps we have executed so far. The code for steps 23 to 32 gives us the image shown below:


Steps 33 to 42. draw the 3rd square. The code for this steps is given below:

turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.forward(90)
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.forward(60)

The generated image is shown below:


The code to complete the symbol is given below:

turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(120)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.forward(90)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(60)

The final symbol is given below:


Conclusion

Nssa is one of the easier symbols to draw although the steps are involved. Its kind of fun to see the turtle go about drawing this shape.

Friday 9 February 2018

Nkyinkyim


Nkyinkyim means "twisting". It is the symbol of that depicts the twists and turns of life.

We will use the 5 pixel grid to trace out this image. The image of this is shown below:


This symbol is simple to draw. It consists of lines. What will make it tricky will be the way the lines change in width.

The plan to draw this symbol is given below:

  1. Lift up the turtle
  2. Move the turtle to the position (150, 170)
  3. Set the pensize to 40 pixels
  4. Set the heading of the turtle to 180 degrees
  5. Place the pen down
  6. Move forward by 300 pixels
  7. Move backward by 10 pixels
  8. Set the heading to 270 degrees
  9. Move forward by 10 pixels
  10. Change the pen size to 60 pixels
  11. Move the pen forward by 50 pixels
  12. Lift up the pen
  13. Move forward by 10 pixels
  14. Change the pen size to 40 pixels
  15. Set the heading to 0 degrees
  16. Place the pen down
  17. Move forward by 290 pixels
  18. Repeat steps 7 to 11
  19. Repeat steps 12 to 16 but change the heading to 180
  20. Repeat steps 7 to 11
  21. Repeat steps 12 to 16
  22. Repeat steps 7 to 11 however change the number of steps from 50 to 110
  23. Lift up the pen
  24. Move backward by 60 steps
  25. Repeat steps 12 to 16
  26. Repeat steps 7 to 11 however change the number of steps from 50 to 40
  27. Lift up the pen
  28. Change the pen size to 40 pixels
  29. Move the turtle to the position (-40, -110)
  30. Change the heading to 270 degrees
  31. Move forward by 60 pixels
  32. Lift up the pen
  33. Change the pen size to 40 pixels
  34. Move the turtle to the position (40, -110)
  35. Change the heading to 270 degrees
  36. Move forward by 60 pixels

Using Turtle Graphics

We will use the template.py file and rename it to nkyinkyim.py.

The code for steps 1 to 6 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.setposition(150, 170)
turtle.pensize(40)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(300)

The code for steps 7 to 11 is given below:

turtle.backward(10)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.forward(10)
turtle.pensize(60)
turtle.forward(50)

The code for steps 12 to 16 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.forward(10)
turtle.pensize(40)
turtle.setheading(0)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(290)

Step 18 involves us repeating steps 7 to 11 so we copy and paste the code.

We do the same for steps 19, 20 and 21.

The image we have generated so far is shown below:


Executing steps 21 generates the image shown below:


The code for steps 23 and 24 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.backward(60)

Then copy the code for steps 7 to 11 but remember to change the number of steps from 50 to 40.

The generated image is shown below:


The code for steps 27 to 31 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(40)
turtle.setposition(-40, -110)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(60)

The code for steps 32 to 36 is given below:

turtle.penup()
turtle.pensize(40)
turtle.setposition(40, -110)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(60)

The generated image is shown below:


Conclusion

At the end of this section, we have succeeded in drawing the Nkyinkyim.